Silicon Anode Battery Offers More Energy Density than Graphite and More Stability than Lithium
Silicon
anode battery technology is gaining popularity in the battery market. Factors
supporting the growth of this market include highest known capacity and relatively
low working potential of silicon along with extended battery life, faster
charging and long lasting battery. Its high power density due to its high
working voltage, excellent chemical makeup and stable non-dissipating
environment are some of the driving forces that fuel the silicon battery
industry. This is the reason why many industries ranging from automotive
industry to medical devices prefer the usage of these batteries over the other
existing batteries.
One
of the most popular types of silicon
anode battery is lithium–silicon battery. Silicon-based anodes offer
more energy density than graphite and more stability than lithium. Silicon (Si)
is a promising material due to its attractive theoretical specific capacity
(>3500 mAh for Li-ion system) and low discharge potential (∼370 mV vs. Li/Li+). Silicon is known to have higher
energy densities than other materials, which makes it ideal for high capacity
cell phones. The higher energy density makes the silicon battery charging and
discharging more efficient and thus cheaper to purchase as well. They also
perform better than the Li-ion in specific high-power conditions.
Various
companies are focused on R&D in silicon anode battery. In a quest to offer high
energy density, Nexeon, the U.K.-based developer of engineered silicon
materials for battery applications, is developing NSP-2, a silicon compound
featuring engineered porosity at the particle level for use in concentrations
far higher than 10% to yield an increase in cell energy density of up to 30%
versus graphite. Moreover, various companies are also focused on R&D of silicon
fiber anode materials. For instance, in June 2021, Unifrax, the U.S.-based manufacturer
of high-performance specialty materials, announced plans to build its first
large-scale SiFAB (silicon fiber anode material) manufacturing line at its north
central Indiana facility.
However,
silicon anode battery has its limitations that include loss of capacity, which
is attributed to mechanical damage to the active material with a large volume
change, > 300%, during cyclic work. Such drawbacks limit the use of these
batteries.
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